Civil War & Reconstruction Timeline (1861 - 1877)

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February 8, 1860

The Confederate States adopted a constitution and elected Jefferson Davis as President on February 8, 1860.

March 4, 1861

The first Confederate flag, the “Stars and Bars,” was adopted on March 4, 1861 and used through 1863. Its similarity to the U.S. flag caused confusion in battle, leading soldiers to shoot at their own men.

April 12, 1861

Civil War begins when Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina on April 12, 1861.

July to October 1861

The Confederacy signs separate treaties with the Creek (July 10), Choctaw & Chickasaw (July 12), Seminole (August 1), and Cherokee (October 7) Nations in Indian Territory from July to October 1861.

January 1, 1863

Emancipation Proclamation was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

April 9, 1865

Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.

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